Clarifying mixed-methods research designs: A theoretical framework for transitioning from qualitative or quantitative approaches

Mixed-methods research has grown rapidly across the social sciences; however, persistent conceptual ambiguity continues to undermine its theoretical coherence and practical application. In particular, confusion between methods and designs, inconsistent use of design labels, and limited attention to epistemological assumptions have weakened the rigor of many mixed-method studies. This conceptual-theoretical paper addresses these challenges by offering a novel clarification of six core mixed-methods research designs and re-examining them through the critical lens of researcher epistemic transitions rather than procedural sequencing alone. Drawing on pragmatism, dialectical pluralism, and theories of methodological integration, this paper reconceptualises mixed-methods designs as structured pathways through which researchers move from qualitative or quantitative traditions toward methodological integration. A transition pathway framework is proposed to explain how different entry points shape design logic, priorities, and integration strategies. By foregrounding epistemic orientation rather than procedural form, this paper offers guidance for researchers, supervisors, and reviewers and contributes to improved methodological literacy in mixed-methods research.